Description

Overview

Azelaic acid is a naturally occurring dicarboxylic acid found in grains like wheat, barley, and rye. It is a multifunctional skincare ingredient widely used for treating acne, rosacea, and hyperpigmentation. Azelaic acid has antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, keratolytic, and antioxidant properties, making it an effective treatment for various dermatological conditions.

Mechanism of Action

1. Antibacterial: Inhibits the growth of Cutibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis, bacteria associated with acne and rosacea.
2. Anti-Inflammatory: Reduces the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which helps control redness and swelling.
3. Keratolytic: Normalizes keratinization, preventing clogged pores and comedone formation.
4. Depigmenting Effect: Inhibits tyrosinase, an enzyme involved in melanin production, making it useful for treating hyperpigmentation and melasma.

Benefits and Indications

1. Acne Vulgaris

• Reduces inflammatory and non-inflammatory acne lesions.
• Helps clear blackheads and whiteheads by preventing clogged pores.
• Less irritating than other acne treatments like retinoids or benzoyl peroxide.

2. Rosacea

• Reduces redness, inflammation, and pustules associated with papulopustular rosacea.
• Unlike topical antibiotics, it does not contribute to antibiotic resistance.

3. Hyperpigmentation & Melasma

• Lightens post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH) caused by acne, sun exposure, or hormonal changes.
• Safer than hydroquinone for long-term use and suitable for sensitive skin.

4. Other Dermatological Conditions

• Can help with seborrheic dermatitis due to its anti-inflammatory properties.
• May reduce keratosis pilaris by exfoliating dead skin cells.

Possible Side Effects

• Common: Mild burning, tingling, stinging, itching, and dryness.
• Less Common: Skin peeling, redness, and hypersensitivity.
• Rare but Serious: Allergic reactions (swelling, rash, severe irritation).

Drug Interactions

• Benzoyl Peroxide & Retinoids: Can be used together but may cause excessive dryness or irritation.
• Hydroquinone: Often combined for treating hyperpigmentation but requires medical supervision.
• Astringents & Alcohol-Based Products: Can worsen irritation and dryness.

Special Considerations

• Pregnancy Category B: Considered safe for use during pregnancy and breastfeeding.
• Gentler Alternative to Other Acne Treatments: Suitable for individuals with sensitive skin who cannot tolerate tretinoin or benzoyl peroxide.
• Slow but Effective: Results typically take 6–8 weeks for acne and several months for hyperpigmentation.